How to manage large datasets and avoid "JavaScript heap out of memory" errors in Node.js?

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If you’re building up a large array/object in memory, consider writing intermediate data to disk or using a lightweight DB like SQLite or LevelDB:

const fs = require('fs');
fs.appendFileSync('partial-result.json', JSON.stringify(dataChunk) + '\n');

Or use a cache-friendly database:

npm install level

This is especially helpful when you don’t need everything in memory all at once.